Behavioural and Cognitive Approaches to Learning Comparison

Behavioural and Cognitive Approaches to Learning Comparison Compare and contrast two perspectives in psychology and the ways in which they study learning. The two perspectives chosen to be compared in this essay were the behavioural approach to learning and the cognitive approach. The behavioural approach to learning involves the observation of identifiable behavioural characteristics and rejects anything to do with thought processes or consciousness as it regards these features unrecognisable (Miell et al, 2002). Contrastingly, the cognitive approach focuses entirely upon thought processes and the faculties associated with the conceptual mind to understand the concept learning. In this assignment we will look at the ways in which these two fields have provided support for the concept of learning, whilst appreciating the similarities and differences of either approach. The behavioural perspective was established by Watson. Concerned with the principles of objective scientific research, Watson rejected the notion of internal psychological mechanics as he believed that this could not be empirically measured (Miell et al, 2002). All Watson was interested in was observable external phenomena, which meant behaviour. The emphasis that Watson and behaviourism put on the concept of learning was that of the association made by the organism to its external environment. This places the individual as a learning vessel reacting to the environment. However, the extent and nature of this relationship has been argued across the field of behaviourist research. A fundamental distinction between the two approaches to learning within the field of behaviourism is within the notion of conditioning classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Research into classical conditioning was defined in principle by physiologist Pavlov (Miell et al, 2002). Pavlov observed tha t in relation to certain stimuli dog’s behaviour could be conditioned through association. Using the dogs’ biological response to hunger, Pavlov revealed in his experiments the basic principle relationship between an observable stimulus and its learned response as an outcome. His work indicated that a dogs’ natural reflex to hunger could be conditioned through the contrived association of a manipulated neutral stimulus. Essentially, he showed that pairing the noise of a bell with the introduction of food the dog would salivate eventually learning through association that the bell signified food. This response was labelled the conditional response and the bell was labelled the conditional stimulus. In classical conditioning, we can see that learning is defined as a modification of behaviour caused by association and manipulation of environmental stimuli. However, the extent of intelligence involved in this form of learning is very limited. The second distinction in the behavioural approach is operant conditioning. Research conducted by Skinner gave insight into the notion of developmental or figurative learning in the form of reward and positive regard (Skinner, 1948/1990). This approach assumed that animals were primarily interactive within the role of learning behaviours. Given a variety of different consequences for each potential behaviour, it was believed that animals could decide what behaviour was best to adopt in any particular environment as it had learned and could apply through relevant schemas. In Skinner’s experiment, he used rats and manipulated their environment through reinforcement to see to what extent their behaviour could be shaped through conditioned learning (Skinner, 1948/1990). Essentially, the rats in this experiment changed their behaviours through positive reinforcement, which provided evidence of learning. From these findings the role of discrimination between stimuli was believed to be understood in the form of shaping. What had been established in both forms of behavioural models is that learning could be shaped through the manipulation of specific stimuli in any environment. However, what underlines these behavioural models of learning is the idea that learning is no more than a response to certain stimuli under manipulative environmental conditioning. This is where we can see a significant difference between that of the behavioural approach and that of the cognitive. The cognitive approach addresses the human capacity to categorise, generalise and conceptualise certain phenomena (Miell, 2002). Primarily concerned with the functioning of the mind within learning with the mind this approach, concerns itself primarily with notions such as memory, perception and categorisation (Miell, 2002). Interested in the role of perception and memory within the role of category learning, the psychologist Bruner et al, devised a test to see how we constructed categories. Unlike conditioning, Bruner suggested that this was an engaging intelligent procedure performed by way of hypothesis testing stages of acceptance and rejection based upon trial (Bruner et al, 1956). A variety of shapes were used in a variety of conditions. Some of these shared the same number of shapes, some the same colour of shape and others the same number of borders. No two varieties were identical. From the results of this experiment, Bruner et al surmised that there were two forms of learn ing that had been present. Firstly, successive scanning, which entertained one hypothesis at a time and secondly, conservative scanning, which sought to eliminate classes of hypotheses such as border, number of shapes, colour (Bruner et al, 1956). Unlike the behavioural approach, we can see from these experiments that an attempt is being made to understand the operation of the intelligent mind with regards to learning through categorisation. However, categorisation as a learning process is not accepted by everyone in the field of cognitive psychology. Although much of the research that had gone to indicate that attributes revealed that a prior knowledge or experience was active and influential in category learning (Kaplan Murphy, 2000), many argue that the categories are innate (Fodor Chomsky, 1980). This argument does strengthen the behavioural notion that the conceptual structure of the mind is open to interpretation, and so cannot be as valuable as the observable findings of th e behaviourist approach. In each approach we have seen an emphasis on the nature of learning. We have seen that this emphasis on learning is different in each approach. One approach is essentially concerned with the extent to which behaviour can be shaped by the environment and how this relationship can be observed through association and shaping. Whilst the other approach seems to be only concerned with how the environment is categorised by the organism and how it subsequently applies that to a concept of structural framework. However, both agree on the fundamental principle that learning is done in conjunction with the environment. Bibliography Bruner, J, S., Goodnow, J, J., and Austin, G, A., (1956) A Study of Thinking New York: John Wiley and Sons. Chomsky, N., and Fodor, J, A., (1980) Statement of the Paradox, in Piatelli Palmarini, M. (ed.). Miell, D., Phoenix, A. and Thomas, K. (2002) Mapping Psychology 1. Milton Keynes, Open University. Kaplan, A, S., and Murphy, G, L., (2000) Category Learning with Minimal Prior Knowledge, Journal of Experimental Psychology, 26, 4, 829-846. Skinner, B, F., (1946/1990) Walden Two London: Collier Macmillan.

U.s. Scourge Spreads South Of The Border :: essays research papers fc

U.S. SCOURGE SPREADS SOUTH OF THE BORDER   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In a recent newspaper article written in the San Diego Union Tribune called â€Å"U.S. Scourge Spreads South.† A very disturbing fact was opening drug doors just south of our own community, which is why I chose to do an in depth study of the easiness of drug purchase in our southern neighbor. It's not new news but a overwhelming growth in the usage of drugs, especially Rohypnol.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Mexican border town called Tijuana across from San Diego, California, once was a famous as a playground for drunken sailors and college students. Today, authorities on both sides of the border warn, it has turned into a gangland run by a growing number of ruthless cartels that sell drugs. It is no longer just marijuana (pot), but a growing problem with other types of drugs like Heroin, Crystal Methamphetamine, and Cocaine.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I recently visited the neighbor city of Tijuana and rode in a Tijuana taxi and was immediately met with a taxi driver named Jose, a Tijuana taxi driver in an open-necked, baby blue silk shirt, he sizes up the tourists trudging off the footbridge from the United States. â€Å"Taxi, sir? You want pharmacy? I get you a good pharmacy,† he urges, stepping from a line of beckoning taxi drivers in big belts and straw cowboy hats. â€Å"Good prices! No prescriptions!† Do I look like I want drugs?! I didn't even solicit the business. I almost felt weird because this is exactly what I was planning to do my paper on. Soon he is nosing his long yellow Oldsmobile through scruffy streets choked with pharmacies. I asked for Somas-a drug that gives the user a feeling of drunkenness without all the liquor, and illegal in the United States. In less than 45 minutes I was able to purchase the drug right over the counter. Of course, I didn't actually purchase the drug, but kindly told the pharmacy that his price was too high.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This just goes to show you how easy it was to get an illegal drug just 30 minutes from SDSU. And instead of being sold by gun-toting drug traffickers, it is available in much of Latin America with a doctor's prescription--often easily obtained. It appears to be crossing the U.S. border via booming pharmacies in cities such as Tijuana.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The sudden popularity of the drug (Somas) has returned the spotlight to Mexico's border drugstores, which for years have done a thriving business with Americans but have recently exploded in number with the Tijuana residents. â€Å" Tijuana residents are nearly twice as likely to have used an illegal drug as

How Reading As A Young Child Encouraged Essay

When I was a young boy, while my other friends were busy playing ball, riding bicycles, playing games and doing other forms of leisure, I was always listening to my mother as she read comic books to my ears. My mother would always read the interesting comic books to my attentive ears; I would sit with my mother on the sofa as she read the comic books to my ears. I grew up from listening to my mother to reading the comic books on my own. My mother always bought me several books to read every week, as soon as I finished reading one book there was always another book to be read. I developed interest in several comic books, ranging from Iron Man, Spiderman and the likes. I inculcated the habit of reading right from a very tender age. My early reading habit really helped me in life as I developed an undying love for reading and improved greatly on my writing. While growing, I developed from reading comic books to reading more voluminous books, newspaper articles, magazines, novels etc. Books were packed in the shelves of our house. My friends always called our house a library. Reading was always the only option to kill boredom. My flare for reading encouraged me to get involved in writing as I discovered that the more I read the better I wrote. I could relate what I read in several books and combine them into writing something better. My reading habit really boosted my diction and I learnt new words each day I picked up a book to read. I learnt the rules of language, my grammar was greatly improved. Over the years I garnered a lot of experience from reading both fictional and true life stories. I applied some of the knowledge acquired from reading these books to various aspects of my life. Reading lots of books gave me a hint on the ways writers wrote, the style of language used and how best to communicate to a particular audience. I am a testimony of the quote that says that â€Å"A good reader is a good writer†. The more I read, the more I improved on my reading speed and grasped new ideas on how to write. Reading frequently made me a better reader and a good writer. I developed from reading for fun to reading for the acquisition of knowledge. Books like; the Richest man in Babylon, Thinking Big, the tale of two cities and many others were already in the long list of books that I have read . My whole life was affected positively by my reading habit as I read several motivational books that have been spurring me to achieve greatness in life. Through writing I could now transfer my thoughts and imaginations into a book or piece of article. The knowledge that I have acquired over time is what has made me the better person I am today. As I now read more, write better, have better grammar and have become a better man. The saying that you are what you read and you are an expression of what you write is definitely true as I have noticed tremendous changes in my life as a result of the past books I have read. I will have to thank my mother for imbibing the culture of reading in me; if not for her I would not have been a good writer and would definitely not be what I have been fashioned out to be today.

Final Project It 284 Handling Difficult Customers Essay

Final Project IT 284 Handling Difficult Customers Handling Difficult Customers Vutha Dingman Axia College of University of Phoenix May 9, 2010 IT 284 Consumers are customers that are buyer’s influenced by their children, spouse, and other household members. Each consumer make decisions for certain products or the household may make the decisions together. Customer support really has to cater to wants and needs of the long time customers. Their loyalty can be forgiving if there is a mistake or they may be more likely to complain. Listed are some of the reasons why customers become difficult when communicating technical problems. 1. Wanting a live operator but ending up in an automated telephone loop. 2.†¦show more content†¦If the customer senses that they are communicating with someone who is incapable, it will create another reason to be frustrated or angry. If you don’t have the power to solve the issue or answer the question, tell the customer that you own the problem. Let them know that you will apply your personal effort to find a solution, even if you need to ask someone else. Sounding bored or disinterest is absolutely preventable! Have your environment arranged in a way so that the telephone conversations are customer oriented, convenient, and efficient. Reduce distractions by tuning out office noise, have paper and pencil handy to take notes when necessary. Be prepared to answer the telephone by having it within easy reach, no more than an arm’s length away. Customer callers do not hear the first two words of the conversation so when answering the phone use buffer words. You can say something like, â€Å"Thank you for calling . . . ,† or â€Å"Good (morning or afternoon) this is. . .† Don’t just say â€Å"hello† and then wait for customers to answer. Self-control When you respond with hostility, or lose your self-control, you are contributing to the escalation of the situation. You have a snide response, and then the customer is even more fired up and ups the abuse. Instead calmly interject with some empathy. Say I understand your frustration with the situation; I want us to move past this so we can fix the problem that you areShow MoreRelatedSwot Analysis of Logistics Company15634 Words   |  63 PagesVarkaus Degree Programme, option Bachelor of Business Administration, International Business, International Marketing Management Author(s) Jia ni Chen Title of study SWOT analysis of the logistics process of Shun Yue Cement Company Limited Type of project Date Thesis Supervisor(s) of study 05.10.2011 Pages 85+5 Executive organization Tuula Linnas Abstract The objective of this thesis was to evaluate the operation of the logistics department of Shun Yue Cement Company Limited, China. 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People Like Us By David Brooks - 861 Words

â€Å"We don’t really care about diversity all that much in America† (132). In â€Å"People Like us† David Brooks takes a logical approach through examining the demographics of our neighborhoods, our educational institutions, and he touches on an emotional approach by having his audience examine their values; he does this with hopes of having his audience question their word choice for the American value diversity, and question if the way they are living their lives invites diversity. Brooks uses the diversity of neighborhoods in America to support his claim: America lacks diversity. He states that he has noticed people are â€Å"making strenuous efforts to group themselves with people who are basically like themselves† (Brooks 132). People who share common values and interests seem to attract, including in communities. Brooks points out that many neighborhoods have a general race, values, and interests. When making this argument Books neglects addressing the origin of segregated neighborhoods. When America was just developing its government and values, millions of people where coming into America from other countries and relocating themselves. They moved in by and reached out to others who shared their common values and cultural beliefs. They segregated themselves for support and structure during their new adventure, becoming an American. While understanding that it looks as though America is not diverse because of the efforts made by Americans to segregat e themselves, we have to keep inShow MoreRelatedDavid Brook s People Like Us 1285 Words   |  6 PagesJason Iloulian Professor Briscoe Written Expression II 4 Nov 2015 David Brook’s Essay: â€Å"People Like Us† David Brook’s essay, â€Å"People Like Us, describes about the tolerance and diversity in the United States. 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What Is Gender Equality - 911 Words

What is gender equality? To my understanding, gender equality is both genders evenly alike as a whole. Now, wait. What does that mean? Evenly alike as a whole? Who even speaks like that in the real world? Apparently, I do. Let me put it this way, take everybody in the world and put them together as one person. Not man, nor woman. Which I know is hard to imagine, but just go with me here. Now think of all that they are capable of doing. Split it back up into everybody in the world. We are all capable of doing what that one person was able to do. We become more alike when we are put together as a whole. Still don t get it? That s okay; let me try explaining it differently. You cannot picture equality if you don t look at the whole picture. Think of a painting. In a painting, many things make up that picture. One stroke, then another. Each stroke different, but as a whole it is all alike. We all have our differences, but put together we are just one. As one of my teachers put it, I am y ou, and you are me. I am him, and he is me. We are all just one; even. That is when you can start to see equality. According to CNN women get paid 74 cent for each dollar that a man make, even though they’re doing the same exact job and they have the same exact talent and experience. For more than 100 years, Women were and still are fighting for equal rights, but still we can see that men are the one that are controlling everything while techquniclly women were the ones that gave life toShow MoreRelatedWhat Is Gender Equality? Essay2156 Words   |  9 PagesWhat is gender equality? Gender equality is when both genders, male and female can enjoy the same rights as one another – they are considered each other’s equals. When thinking about gender equality it seems straight forward, both genders are equal – having all the same rights, treated with the same amount of respect. I ask myself why would it be any other way? 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This has and always will lead to a rift in the equality of women. It’s an unfair battle for equality, sure women have an amendmendment stating that all women have the right to vote , but it’s still not enough. That amendmendment only fixes half the problem. There’s still the problem of gender roles, the wage gap, and countless other problems stopping women from have the equality women haveRead MoreGender Inequality And Gender Equality1667 Words   |  7 PagesGender inequality is the state in which access to rights or opportunities is affected by gender. Gender inequality is an issue not just nationally but globally. This issue is portrayed by the mistreating of individuals, mainly women, and not valuing everyone as one. This presentation will illustrate the exploration of gender equality, propose a solution and why that solution will produce a better future for a better world. 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Knowledge Management for Telecommunication - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theKnowledge Managementfor ABC Telecommunication. Answer: Challenges of Implementing AHP There are several challenges of implementing AHP as a knowledge management tool in any organization (Hislop, 2013). However, the major challenge for ABC Telecommunication is total cost of the implementation process. When implementing AHP, there are additional costs along with the implementation cost. These costs include product cost, license cost, training, maintenance and software subscription cost. Among these costs, training cost for the employees is the major challenge for the organization (Ngai Chan, 2005). On the other hand, ABC management will have to regularly update the software as KM tools are rapidly changing with the changing demand of the market. Benefits and Limitations of AHP For ABC Co. Ltd, t he management of the organization is expecting that AHP system will assist the bid management method of the organization by delivering the managers and officers relevant information and knowledge so they can properly prepare documents for submitting a tender. Besides, it is also expected that this system will help the SAAB department of the organization to retain, share and develop information (Ngai and Chan, 2005). As the organization will be able to gain ample amount of knowledge, they will become more competitive and will be able to fulfill the demand of the consumers. However, developing KM practices within dissimilar cultural setting is a problem. Due to differences in how knowledge is formed and utilized in different cultures, it is tough to implement KM tools. References Hislop, D. (2013).Knowledge management in organizations: A critical introduction. Oxford University Press. Ngai, E.W.T, Chan, E.W.C. (2005) Evaluation of Knowledge Management Tools using AHP, Expert Systems with Applications, 29, pp.889-899